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From the *Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen; and Klinik für Transplantations-und Allgemeinchirurgie, Universität Duisburg-Essen and Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland, Germany.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Simon T. Schäfer, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Deutschland. Address e-mail to simon.schaefer{at}uni-due.de.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potentially fatal complication during surgical procedures with patients in the sitting position. Since methods for detection of persistent low-volume VAE and targeted air aspiration are limited, we tested the hypotheses that transvenous intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) 1) improves detection of small air emboli in comparison to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and precordial Doppler monitoring (PCD) techniques, and that 2) image-guided multiorifice central venous catheter manipulation improves air recovery in moderate and large VAE, when compared with aspiration with the multiorifice central venous catheter in a static position.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Adult swine (73 ± 4.6 kg, n = 7) were premedicated, anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl, endotracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated, and placed in a 45° head-up position. First, nine different small volumes of air emboli (0.05–1 mL) were randomly injected via an ear vein, and VAE detection methods were applied in random order. For 378 small volume air injections, ICE had a much higher sensitivity (82.5%, P < 0.0001) on the analysis of VAE detection than TEE (52.8%) or PCD (46.8%), with no difference (P = 0.571) between TEE and PCD. An injected air volume as small as 0.15 mL was detected by ICE in 90% of injections performed, whereas PCD and TEE detected only half of the boluses of 0.25–0.30 mL of air, and required boluses of 0.4–1.0 mL to achieve 100% detection. Air recovery was assessed in a second series of moderate VAE (2, 5, 10 mL); image-guided aspiration-catheter manipulation recovered significantly more (34.1% vs 17.2%, P < 0.0001) intracardiac air than without catheter manipulation. In a third series of injections of large air volumes (25, 50, and 100 mL), air recovery was not significantly different with ultrasound-guided aspiration (41.3% vs 31.8%, P = 0.11).
CONCLUSION: Small air emboli are detected by ICE with much greater sensitivity compared with both PCD and TEE techniques. Furthermore, recovery of embolized air is enhanced by image-guided manipulation of a multiorifice central venous catheter. Clinical studies are required to assess this technique during surgery with patients in the sitting position.
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