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ANESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGY

Comparative Pharmacodynamic Modeling Using Bispectral and Narcotrend-Index With and Without a Pharmacodynamic Plateau During Sevoflurane Anesthesia

Sascha Kreuer, MD^*, Jörgen Bruhn, MD, Elisabeth Walter, MD^*, Reinhard Larsen, MD^*, Christian C. Apfel, MD, Ulrich Grundmann, MD^*, Andreas Biedler, MD^*, and Wolfram Wilhelm, MD

From the *Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Saarland, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, UMC St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Marien-Hospital, Luenen, NRW, Germany.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Sascha Kreuer, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. Address e-mail to sascha.kreuer{at}uniklinik-saarland.de.

BACKGROUND: We compared two pharmacodynamic models, one with and one without a plateau effect. Bispectral indices (BIS, Aspect Medical Systems, Natick, MA, version XP) and Narcotrend (NCT, MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany, version 4.0) were used as an electroencephalographic measure of sevoflurane drug effect. In addition, we tried to analyze the origin of the plateau.

METHODS: We investigated 26 adult patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy. At least 45 min after induction of general anesthesia, end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were varied between 1 vol% and 4 vol%. To evaluate the relationship between concentrations and electroencephalographic indices, two different pharmacodynamic models were applied: a conventional model based on a single sigmoidal curve, and a novel model based on two sigmoidal curves for BIS and NCT values with and without burst suppression. The parameters of the models were estimated by NONMEM V (GloboMax, Hanover) by minimizing log likelihood. Statistical significance between the two models was calculated by the likelihood ratio test.

RESULTS: The end-tidal sevoflurane concentration ranged from 1.04 ± 0.17 vol% to 4.43 ± 0.43 vol%. The difference between the log likelihood values of the new pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model with two connected sigmoidal curves and the classical E_max model with one sigmoidal curve is 396 (P < 0.001) for the BIS monitor and 1121 (P < 0.001) for the NCT. The plateau is positioned at the change between the maximum power and the increase of burst suppression ratio.

CONCLUSION: A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model consisting of two sigmoid curves with an intervening plateau describes the effect of sevoflurane on BIS and NCT indices better than a model with a single sigmoid curve.

Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999